The effects of store atmosphere on shopping behaviour - A literature review.

This paper provides an insight into how the atmospherics of a retail environment influence shopping behaviour. Its objective is to support researchers and practitioners by summarizing the current state of knowledge and identifying gaps and avenues for future research. The scope covers studies in retail marketing and environmental psychology published during the last 35 years. It has been shown that environmental cues (music, scent etc.) have an effect on the emotional state of the consumer, which in turn causes behavioural changes, both positive (approach, buy more, stay longer etc.) and negative (not approach, buy less, leave earlier etc.). Most studies make reference to the PAD model, which proposes that the relevant emotions in this process can be measured along three dimensions Pleasure, Arousal and Dominance (Mehrabian, A. & Russell, J.A.,1974, An approach to environmental psychology, Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press). Since then, significant advances have been made to understand the effect of individual cues, their interaction, as well as the role of moderators, such as gender, age, or shopping motivation. However, there are a number of opportunities for further research. Too little is known about the moderating effects of Arousal and Dominance and how they interact with each other and with Pleasure dimension. Also a number of other moderators, such as gender and culture, should be integrated into the model

Dynamic capabilities and strategic paradox: a case study

Today’s business leaders must constantly review and develop their firm’s abilities to adapt to and benefit from external changes. Dynamic capabilities are the capacity of an organization to purposefully create, extend or modify its resource base. They enable it to exploit business, technological and market opportunities and adapt to market changes, an ability more often observed in highly dynamic industries, such as consumer electronics or telecommunications. Using the case study method, this article identifies dynamic capabilities in traditional, less dynamic industries when faced with a sudden drop of revenue. Four distinct routines emerge, namely structure and practices enduring time-sensitive strategic decision-making by the tice, and a culture encouraging learning and coevolving. Seemingly strategic paradox objectives encourage the management team to question the status quo and, when managed well, transform the tensions between old and new into an ability to advance superior ideas faster

The impact of airport retail environment on passenger emotions and behaviour = A repülőtéri kiskereskedelem környezet hatása az utasok érzelmei és magatartásaira

Past studies in environmental psychology (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974) and retailing (Donovan & Rossiter, 1982) have suggested a causal relationship between the physical and social characteristics of retail environments and the behaviour and evaluation of consumers. Environmental cues emitted by elements of the servicescape (“the objective physical factors that can be controlled by the firm to enhance (or constrain) employee and customer actions” Bitner, 1992, p. 65) influence emotional states which, in turn, can lead to changes in the behaviour. More pleasant emotions make people “approach” the environment (e.g., stay for longer, interact with others), less pleasant emotions lead to “avoidance” (e.g., stay for a shorter time, less likely to interact with others, etc.). This dissertation investigates if this relationship applies to airport retail environments. First, the author conducted a very detailed review of the relevant literature followed by a qualitative study involving semi structured interviews with senior managers representing ten of the largest 50 European airports. Grounded in the gained scientific as well as managerial insight, a conceptual model is proposed which assumes that physical elements of an airport store (eg., lighting, design, architecture, temperature), the behaviour and appearance of staff, as well as perceived time pressure influence the emotions of passengers as they are browsing in the shop. Focusing on emotions pleasure and stress, the author hypothises that both determine the likelihood that customers ‘approach’ or ‘avoid’ the store, and their opinion of the shopping experience and the shop itself on exit. In order to test the model, hypotheses were developed and data obtained by conducting a large scale survey near the main duty free store of Budapest airport in 2013. Using the quota sampling method, a convenient sample (N=948) was taken by intercepting departing passengers when entering the airport, and then conducting face-to-face interviews at store exit. Emotions were measured using a relatively recent instrument, which employs hold-out pictures showing facial expressions of natural basic emotional states (happiness, fear, surprise, anger) instead of verbal scales, in order to reduce an expected bias due to language and cultural differences

The impact of airport shopping environments and dwell time on consumer spending

This article provides new insight into how the ambience and design of shopping environments impact onspending behaviour. Environmental cues in a retail area influence emotional states of by-passers, which in turn influence spending levels. Past research suggested that this effect only applies to shops with moderate arousal level. Also, several studies failed to confirm a relationship between emotions and spending levels. This is surprising, since high arousal environments (e.g., amusement parks, sports stadiums and airports) often feature a wide range of retail outlets. Based on survey data collected in a live airport shopping area, this study finds a relationship between pleasure emotions associated with the retail area and recalled consumer spending, but also the time available for shopping (which in an airport is constrained). Also, visitors’ emotional state was influenced by the ambience (e.g., cleanliness, noise levels, lighting) as well as the design (e.g., easy wayfinding, seating areas) of the retail area. Shopper’s arousal levels did not explain variations in spending level. Implications for researchers and managers are discussed as well as suggestions for future research

The Consequences of De-hubbing for Airports and Tourism - a Case Study

The size of airports depends on passenger traffic to and from that city as well as the number of passengers connecting from one flight to another flight. When hub airports lose a significant amount of connecting flights (‘de-hubbing’), their growth is negatively affected and in many cases does not reach previous levels. This has serious implications for the airport operator as well as the tourism industry, which may lose incoming visitors from markets no longer connected to the airport. The case of de-hubbing of Budapest airport of February 2012 shows that under certain circumstances, very good traffic recovery rates can be achieved. Important drivers for the recovery rate are the type of airline taking over lost routes, the demand for inbound tourism and capacity offered on selected markets, and the dominance of a certain type of airline (alliance/low cost). This paper extends the research done by Redondi et al. (2012), but also has relevance for airport and tourism managers faced with airline bankruptcy and policy makers. Keywords: tourism, competition, airline bankruptcy, airport managemen

The economic impact of the Budapest Airport on the local economy

Airports have an unquestionably dominant role in the transport of the 21st century; air transport is the heart of the modern, globalised economy. Beyond this primary function, the international literature also emphasises the considerable economic and economy development effects of airports. The significant airports of the world not only facilitate the local economy but fundamentally determine that. The aim of the analysis is not only the study of the economic impact of the Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, but also examining the economic impact of the complex system of the companies operating at the airport and complementing each other. First of all, we discuss the methods and concepts to be applied in the analysis of the economic impact of the Budapest Airport. Although the methods and the terminology is fairly uniform in the course of the general review studies, the actual pieces of research can mean something different by the same concepts or they may examine the same thing with different concepts.

IMAGE ACQUISTION AND PROCESSING FOR INSURANCE RISK ASSESSMENTS

Described are systems, methods, computer programs, and user interfaces for image location, acquisition, analysis, and data correlation. Results obtained via image analysis are correlated to non-spatial information. For example, images of regions of interest of the Earth are used for insurance risk assessments, which can allow for a reduction in claims by avoiding risky policies, competitively priced policies, and early identification of risk. Underwriters can analyze patterns of real world activity to uncover signals of high or low risk at a property before writing a policy. Improvements to understanding of risk can improve overall loss ratios (paid claims / written premiums), which directly impact profitability of underwriting operations. Keywords associated with the present disclosure include: image acquisition, satellite imagery drone imagery, insurance risk assessment, insurance, underwriting

IMAGE ACQUISTION AND PROCESSING FOR FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Described are systems, methods, computer programs, and user interfaces for image location, acquisition, analysis, and data correlation. Results obtained via image analysis are correlated to non-spatial information useful for commerce and trade. Financial analysts make money (at least in theory) by allocating capital to where it will be most productive. Predictions of future earnings are based off of present performance. When present performance exceeds or falls short of market expectations, the value of the corresponding financial instrument (stocks, bonds, options, etc.) adjusts as well. The market typically only receives these updates on a quarterly basis. Imagery could be used to better predict sales and/or production numbers for certain types of publicly held companies. For example, images of regions of interest of the Earth can monitor vehicle activity at retail and/or production facilities to anticipate company performance and place profitable financial trades. Keywords associated with the present disclosure include: image acquisition, satellite imagery drone imagery, vehicle count, car count

IMAGE ACQUISTION AND PROCESSING FOR SUPPLY CHAIN RISK

Described are systems, methods, computer programs, and user interfaces for image location, acquisition, analysis, and data correlation. Results obtained via image analysis are correlated to non-spatial information useful for commerce and trade. For example, images of regions of interest of the Earth are used to monitor supply chain. Major manufacturing companies have very little visibility into their global supply chains, especially beyond their first tier of suppliers. Supply chain disruptions (e.g. a factory fire) are often discovered with little time to react, putting business continuity at risk. The present disclosure describes alerting supply chain managers of anomalous activity (e.g. more vehicles than expected) at critical nodes in their supply chain. Rapidly confirming disruptions and their impact well ahead of when they would otherwise learn from tier-1 suppliers, supply chain managers can quickly identify favorable alternate sourcing, and preserve business continuity, reducing losses. Keywords associated with the present disclosure include: image acquisition, satellite imagery drone imagery, supply chain, supply chain disruptions

IMAGE ACQUISTION AND PROCESSING FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS

Described are systems, methods, computer programs, and user interfaces for image location, acquisition, analysis, and data correlation. Results obtained via image analysis are correlated to non-spatial information useful for commerce and trade. Keywords associated with the present disclosure include: image acquisition, satellite imagery drone imagery, competitor refinery monitoring, energy generation estimates, open pit mine volume measurement, crop yield damage assessment, pipeline monitoring, oil tank volume analysis, oil rig counting, detect illegal mining, well head counting, crop type and health analysis, crop type analysis, timber extents and BHD estimates, ship construction and repair, wastewater plumes from factories, monitor off-shore oil exploration, track mining operations and equipment, chemical facility monitoring, oil terminal construction monitoring, illegal logging, industrial disaster response, crop yield analysis, environmental impact assessments, invasive species monitoring, landfill monitoring, protected habitat monitoring, hazardous waste monitoring, flood risk analysis, ID erosion threats, smog tracking, forest fire detection (and hotspot analysis) and damage prevention through perimeter clearance, pre-storm site analysis, field boundary measurement, planted versus fallow fields, monitor dredging activities, overwatered lawns in drought, identification of permeable and impermeable surfaces on a property, plan and monitor reclamation, pre-construction surveys, utility pole detection, risk assessment for new infrastructure, construction monitoring, feature extraction-base mapping, property damage assessment, cell tower detection and quantification, track development trends-new homes, facility/property security, traffic analysis, extract newly built roads, solar panel placement analysis, quantify building damage, urban tree count, irrigation/reservoir analysis, insurance risk, detect post disaster insurance fraud, land use classification and planning, locate downed power-lines, monitor port activity, factory output estimation, AIS Validation, parking lot 9 monitoring, piracy monitoring, market share quantification, monitor port activity (count containers), retail monitoring by counting cars, carbon credit monitoring, daily traffic at ski resorts, detect post disaster damage, due diligence and stress testing, pre-disaster transportation analysis, sustainability validation, demand forecasting, competitive intelligence, quantify transportation damage, facility risk and security assessment, site planning, and locate missing people/property